The protocol stack functions consist of the Medium Access Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), and Radio Resource Control (RRC). LTE is the latest generation of the 3GPP standards. The LTE standard specifies an IP-only network supporting data rates up to 150 Mbps.
What is the purpose of a protocol stack?
What are the layers of the stack protocols?
- Application layer. As suggested by its name, the application layer is responsible for communication between applications running on two different end systems. …
- Transport layer. …
- Network layer. …
- Link layer. …
- Physical layer.
- Application layer. As suggested by its name, the application layer is responsible for communication between applications running on two different end systems. …
- Transport layer. …
- Network layer. …
- Link layer. …
- Physical layer.
What are LTE layers?
What is Layer 3 in LTE?
How does a frame relay work?
How Does Frame Relay Work? Frame relay uses packet switching technology. This means that it breaks data, such as call data, into smaller packets, also known as frames, to transmit it through a shared frame relay network. These data packets are then reassembled at the data’s destination.
What is the data link layer?
The data link layer is the protocol layer in a program that handles the moving of data into and out of a physical link in a network. The data link layer is Layer 2 in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture model for a set of telecommunication protocols.
What are the different types of transport services provided by the Internet?
Two general classes of transport services are most often associated with the Internet protocol suite, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
How are data packets routed on the Internet?
The Internet works by chopping data into chunks called packets. Each packet then moves through the network in a series of hops. Each packet hops to a local Internet service provider (ISP), a company that offers access to the network – usually for a fee.
What is layer in 5G?
The 5G layer-1 is PHYSICAL Layer. The 5G layer-2 include MAC, RLC and PDCP. The 5G layer-3 is RRC layer as shown in 5G protocol stack. The Figure-1 depicts 5G Protocol Stack consisting of both User Plane and Control Plane protocol layers.
What is code word in LTE?
Codewords. Codewords are simply separate streams of data that contain the information to be sent through a physical channel. There are two codewords defined for LTE: CW0 and CW1. Every channel uses CW0. PDSCH (user data) has the option of using CW1.
What is RRC in 5G?
The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol is used in UMTS, LTE and 5G on the Air interface. It is a layer 3 (Network Layer) protocol used between UE and Base Station. This protocol is specified by 3GPP in TS 25.331 for UMTS, in TS 36.331 for LTE and in TS 38.331 for 5G New Radio.
What is a WAP protocol?
WAN Protocols
Routers, modems and other WAN devices are used to transmit the data over various mediums, commonly fiber cabling. Some of the most common WAN protocols in use today are “Frame Relay,” “X. 25,” “Integrated Services Digital Network,” or “ISDN,” and “Point-to-Point Protocol,” or “PPP.”
What is HDLC in computer network?
HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) is a group of protocols or rules for transmitting data between network points (sometimes called nodes). In more technical terms, HDLC is a bit-oriented, synchronous data link layer protocol created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
What is media access control MAC?
What Does Media Access Control (MAC) Mean? Media access control (MAC) is a sublayer of the data link layer (DLL) in the seven-layer OSI network reference model. MAC is responsible for the transmission of data packets to and from the network-interface card, and to and from another remotely shared channel.
What is Hub in computer network?
A network hub is a node that broadcasts data to every computer or Ethernet-based device connected to it. A hub is less sophisticated than a switch, the latter of which can isolate data transmissions to specific devices. Network hubs are best suited for small, simple local area network (LAN) environments.
What is logical communication?
By “logical” communication, we mean that although the communicating application processes are not physically connected to each other (indeed, they may be on different sides of the planet, connected via numerous routers and a wide range of link types), from the applications’ viewpoint, it is as if they were physically …
Which of the layers below provides a logical communication between two end systems?
A transport-layer protocol provides for logical communication between application processes running on different hosts.
What is a frame in computer networks?
A frame is a digital data transmission unit in computer networking and telecommunication. In packet switched systems, a frame is a simple container for a single network packet. In other telecommunications systems, a frame is a repeating structure supporting time-division multiplexing.
How does a router know which computer in a LAN gets a packet?
The router uses the information in the IP header to decide whether and where to forward each received packet, and which network interface to use to send the packet. Most packets are forwarded based on the packet’s IP destination address, along with routing information held within the router in a routing table.
What is l1 l2 l3 in 5G?
The 5G layer-1 is PHYSICAL Layer. The 5G layer-2 include MAC, RLC and PDCP. The 5G layer-3 is RRC layer as shown in 5G protocol stack. The Figure-1 depicts 5G Protocol Stack consisting of both User Plane and Control Plane protocol layers.